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As We May Think

URL: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/?single_page=true

Who is Vannevar Bush? See [Wikipedia article on V. Bush(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush) —[[ (rdhyee)]]

My source note: @bushvannevarWeMayThink1945

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Vannevar Bush1

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Annotations are at the Web’s core. —[[ (Shepazu)]]

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The process of tying two items together is the important thing.1

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I love this early UX imagining of the linking/annotation process by Vannevar. What's notable here of course is that he suggested that creating links between things was a function that something visitors (trailblazers) could do. In a sense, to him the notion of a hypertext link, and a clickable annotation w/ two targets were mutually interchangeable ideas. Today, these are distinct. The idea that a visitor can do this, is only possible within the emerging idea of Open Annotation as we understand it now. It's why those of us exploring it are so excited about its potential. —[[ (dwhly)]]

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When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard. Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions1

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This quote:

"he names it, inserts the name in his code book ... the user tabs a single key, and the items are permanently joined"

makes me think of this as an early form of tagging. —[[ (aculich)]]

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The first reference to Wikipedia?! :)

—[[ (aculich)]]

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First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article1

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The essential feature of the memex is its ability of association; tying two items together. —[[ (aculich)]]

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It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying two items together is the important thing.1

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With the advent of Google Docs we're finally moving away from the archaic indexing mentioned here. The filesystem metaphor was simple and dominated how everyone manages their data-- which extended into how we developed web content, as well.

The declaration that Hierarchical File Systems are Dead has led to better systems of tagging and search, but we're still far from where we need to be since there is still a heavy focus on the document as a whole instead of also the content within the document.

The linearity of printed books is even more treacherously entrenched in our minds than the classification systems used by libraries to store those books.

One day maybe we'll liberate every piece of content from every layer of its concentric cages: artificial systems of indexing, books, web pages, paragraphs, even sentences and words themselves. Only then will we be able to re-dress those thoughts automatically into those familiar and comforting forms that keep our thoughts caged.

—[[ (aculich)]]

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The real heart of the matter of selection, however, goes deeper than a lag in the adoption of mechanisms by libraries, or a lack of development of devices for their use. Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of systems of indexing. When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome. Having found one item, moreover, one has to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path. The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain. It has other characteristics, of course; trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.1

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Selection by association, rather than indexing. —[[ (aculich)]]

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Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it. In minor ways he may even improve, for his records have relative permanency. The first idea, however, to be drawn from the analogy concerns selection. Selection by association, rather than indexing, may yet be mechanized. One cannot hope thus to equal the speed and flexibility with which the mind follows an associative trail, but it should be possible to beat the mind decisively in regard to the permanence and clarity of the items resurrected from storage.1

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Definitely sounds like what we're doing here. —[[ (tilgovi)]]

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Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.1

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Although, I rarely call myself a "scientist"? —[[ (tilgovi)]]

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Yeah! And for our next trick... —[[ (tilgovi)]]

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The correct form of the above link: Wikipedia article on V. Bush —[[ (csillag)]]

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the atomic bomb, among others. —[[ (edsu)]]

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strange destructive gadgets1

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The now familiar information overload. —[[ (edsu)]]

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But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends.1

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This makes me wonder if that's where we still are. Connecting documents/information with people when they need it is still a huge challenge. Although being able to go to Google to ask a question on your phone is a huge advantage for those who have questions that are amenable and the device to ask it. —[[ (edsu)]]

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publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record1

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Valuable ideas often appear before they are viable. But they must be discoverable when the environment changes in ways that make the idea more tractable. —[[ (edsu)]]

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A record if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored, and above all it must be consulted.1

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It would be, and is! —[[ (edsu)]]

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Often it would be advantageous to be able to snap the camera and to look at the picture immediately.1

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Is it even possible to think what this factor is for today's digital storage technologies? —[[ (edsu)]]

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Today, with microfilm, reductions by a linear factor of 20 can be employed and still produce full clarity when the material is re-enlarged for examination.1

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So true. —[[ (edsu)]]

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Even the modern great library is not generally consulted; it is nibbled at by a few.1

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Some people do this now, but they seem to be a minority. —[[ (edsu)]]

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will the author of the future cease writing by hand or typewriter and talk directly to the record?1

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Ouch. C'mon Vannevar! —[[ (edsu)]]

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girl1

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Dude, stop it already! —[[ (edsu)]]

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A girl strokes its keys languidly 1

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This distinction seems particularly significant. —[[ (edsu)]]

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But creative thought and essentially repetitive thought are very different things.1

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It's very strange how humans, or "girls" are essentially made part of the machine here. —[[ (edsu)]]

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One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple key board punches, and will deliver sheets of computed results every few minutes. 1

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The use of logic here is also interesting. Is knowledge actually grounded in logic? Didn't Wittgenstein free us of this delusion? —[[ (edsu)]]

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Whenever logical processes of thought are employed—that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove—there is an opportunity for the machine.1

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Isn't the association a type of index though, really? —[[ (edsu)]]

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Selection by association, rather than indexing, may yet be mechanized. 1

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Not a bad user story, all things considered. —[[ (edsu)]]

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It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.1

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Is that an annotation or a link he is describing here? —[[ (edsu)]]

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Haha -- sketchy! —[[ (edsu)]]

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So it's not just limited to the individual, but you can see other people's trails. It is social. This seems like a key insight as well. —[[ (edsu)]]

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The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. 1

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Who would, or who should? Who gets to decide how we reshape humanity? The masters of war? —[[ (edsu)]]

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but who would now place bounds on where such a thing may lead?1

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Who will perform those computations? Those in power presumably? —[[ (edsu)]]

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There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.1

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But perhaps the current "war" on disease does require them to leave the old paths. —[[ (memartone)]]

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For the biologists, and particularly for the medical scientists, there can be little indecision, for their war has hardly required them to leave the old paths1

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But now we really are bogged down by specialization. Honest. But somehow we progress anyway.
—[[ (memartone)]]

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The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers—conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear.1

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And in 2015, they are now another generation older. Or is it two? But now we are in a position to do something about it. FORCE11 Manifesto —[[ (memartone)]]

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Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose.1

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But assuming we can tell what is inconsequential and what is significant without the passage of time is a little arrogant. —[[ (memartone)]]

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as truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential1

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It's the blazing of these "associative trails" that for me is the great potential of hypothes.is. But the cairns need to be better discoverable. If it weren't for Twitter I would never have returned to this document today. Hypothesis needs to have its own amplification systems. #letmefollowthispage —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.1

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It kind of blows me mind that the end of WWII is the context for these early dreams of the Internet. Is it the hope experienced in patriotic collaboration toward technological innovation? That's what Bush seems to acknowledge explicitly. It's a techno-militaristic union that haunts us to this day (#prism). But I wonder too if it's the precarious of knowledge, or perhaps the destructiveness of knowledge, that also inspires Bush...
—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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This has not been a scientist's war; it has been a war in which all have had a part.1

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This is something we have to keep in mind when developing technology, particularly in academia. It's not just the technology, but whether it can be put into production in a cost effective and useful manner. And just because the time is not right now, doesn't mean that as capacities change, it can't be done eventually. —[[ (memartone)]]

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Two centuries ago Leibnitz invented a calculating machine which embodied most of the essential features of recent keyboard devices, but it could not then come into use. The economics of the situation were against it: the labor involved in constructing it, before the days of mass production, exceeded the labor to be saved by its use, since all it could accomplish could be duplicated by sufficient use of pencil and paper. Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, so that it could not have been depended upon; for at that time and long after, complexity and unreliability were synonymous.1

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Did not imagine digital but other predictions are not bad. —[[ (memartone)]]

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There is film in the walnut for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film clip is inserted.1

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Google glass? —[[ (memartone)]]

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glasses is a square of fine lines1

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Particularly in the modern age of sensors. Sorry "girls". —[[ (memartone)]]

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here will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things1

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We're still trying to standardize information and concepts so we can do this comprehensively. It is conceptually simple but difficult in practice, at least with current technologies. —[[ (memartone)]]

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The personnel officer of a factory drops a stack of a few thousand employee cards into a selecting machine, sets a code in accordance with an established convention, and produces in a short time a list of all employees who live in Trenton and know Spanish.1

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See Wikipedia article on the speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson. —[[ (nichtich)]]

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Emerson's famous address of 1837 on "The American Scholar,"1

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Vannevar's humanitarian optimism carried forward through Licklider, Engelbart, and others for a generation beyond him - why has it faded from attention in today's computing world? —[[ (windham)]]

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perfection of these pacific instruments1

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Agreed. I just found this today via @holden and his Garden and Stream presentation. Been thinking about H and how there is no way to really organize my annotations outside of tags. How do we start to think about connecting all of the artifacts I've collected and annotated that aren't far off from what Bush predicts here? @holden's Federated wiki concept is right on, but maybe too clunky/complex for average joe or student. It helps me to think of H tags as grounding points in a mind map of sorts. Or world clouds with all kinds of different connections. I can visualize that... zoom in and out of the multiple layers of connections I've made between tags... —[[ (otterscotter)]]

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Which he had no small part in! It feels like he's trying to distance him self from his own involvement here. —[[ (dwhly)]]

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The same was true for Mosaic and its original browser-based annotation feature. There wasn't funding for it. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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LOL. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Here's some audio of the voder:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hyI_dM5cGo —[[ (edsu)]]

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Voder1

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Is this the point at which the kind of annotation imagined by Bush becomes social? Where one person's trail of associations becomes useful to another? —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.1

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Really does sound like the networked PC. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.1

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Boom! —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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He can add marginal notes and comments1

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What's missing here is the power of peer to peer sharing of such scaffolding. It doesn't need to be only "master to disciple."
—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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There is a new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.1

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Yeah, he doesn't theorize the social enough here. And when he does, it's not peer to peer, it's this "master-disciple" relation. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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So, yeah, he's talking about hyperlinks and annotations as two separate aspects of the memex. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item.1

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yeah, i think you're right. though he does mention taking notes on both sides of the hyperlink. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Wow. In 2016, we're thinking about a decentralized implementation. —[[ (dwhly)]]

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A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.1

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quite similar to a go pro today

—[[ (bensorensen1)]]

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Let us project this trend ahead to a logical, if not inevitable, outcome. The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut. It takes pictures 3 millimeters square, later to be projected or enlarged, which after all involves only a factor of 10 beyond present practice. The lens is of universal focus, down to any distance accommodated by the unaided eye, simply because it is of short focal length.1

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And here I am, commenting on this article online where other people can see it instantly. Pretty neat —[[ (behnk100)]]

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Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.1

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And now that our species has unlimited information within magic rectangles that live in our pockets, we spend most of our time staring with blank faces at videos and pictures of other people doing things —[[ (behnk100)]]

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and something is bound to come of it.1

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iPhone seven!!! —[[ (behnk100)]]

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two spaced glass eyes1

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thankful for autocorrect, or at least underliningg <-- in red when I typed it —[[ (behnk100)]]

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digestion and correction1

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I think he'd be interested in learning excel —[[ (behnk100)]]

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relegated to the machine.1

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Something used against us in internet advertisements —[[ (behnk100)]]

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With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain1

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I think thatis crazy. It is so easy for us to document what we are thinking, whether we are keeping it for ourselves or making it public. Without something like Mendel's concept of genetics we can only ask "what if?' when that could have beena missing piece in someone's research. —[[ (amacaran)]]

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Mendel's concept of the laws of genetics was lost to the world for a generation because his publication did not reach the few who were capable of grasping and extending it; and this sort of catastrophe is undoubtedly being repeated all about us1

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We really have a wealth of knowledge at our fingertips that is untapped. Quite ironic. —[[ (amacaran)]]

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1

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That is done now. All we need are keywords typed in a search engine, and we will find a lot about the subject a click away. —[[ (amacaran)]]

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Mere compression, of course, is not enough; one needs not only to make and store a record but also be able to consult it, and this aspect of the matter comes later. 1

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The internet has plenty of things that are not real or that are manipulated, It is up to us to do research. —[[ (amacaran)]]

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the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the data and the process to be employed and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature and hence a fit matter to be relegated to the machine.1

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New technology is always developing and growing so rapidly, part of the reason "complex devices" can now be cheap —[[ (elizabeth.siranosian)]]

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The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.1

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There are also other very useful improvements to life besides just the things mentioned. Science has vastly improved medicine, allowing us to live longer and healthier lives. Furthermore, there has been advancements in how we communicate, which bring us closer together as a world. —[[ (rkwjr)]]

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They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence.1

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I like this analogy because with science we can "refurnish" what is understood to be true, and can replace old ideas with new and improved ones. —[[ (rkwjr)]]

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The applications of science have built man a well-supplied house, and are teaching him to live healthily therein.1

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This coincides with the "Virtual Offices" that are being used in the field of law. People are pushing their business online rather than having a physical location. —[[ (jadenoneal24)]]

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In the outside world, all forms of intelligence whether of sound or sight, have been reduced to the form of varying currents in an electric circuit in order that they may be transmitted.1

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The author is pointing out how the idea of logic can be a hindrance when analyzing and sharing data. referencing that of mathematicians who are deemed inadequate simply due to the way they express themselves. All very true but very different to take into consideration when reading this work. —[[ (roblew97)]]

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Logic can become enormously difficult, and it would undoubtedly be well to produce more assurance in its use. The machines for higher analysis have usually been equation solvers. Ideas are beginning to appear for equation transformers, which will rearrange the relationship expressed by an equation in accordance with strict and rather advanced logic. Progress is inhibited by the exceedingly crude way in which mathematicians express their relationships.1

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I thought this was a really interesting evaluation on what exactly progression and evolution is. I never really thought about the ideas that people constantly have and the means that we all have to execution. We always think about the future and what that technology is or could be, but we don't ever talk about it in relation to the past. It made me think what if we sent modern ways that we read (like that book that you showed us) back in time, how would they react to that? —[[ (cchuff)]]

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Had a Pharaoh been given detailed and explicit designs of an automobile, and had he understood them completely, it would have taxed the resources of his kingdom to have fashioned the thousands of parts for a single car, and that car would have broken down on the first trip to Giza.1

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This made me think of 3D printing because that is done bit by bit, but comes together to create the whole object. Fascinating to see this translated back in time to photography. —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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A scene itself can be just as well looked over line by line by the photocell in this way as can a photograph of the scene.1

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Could binary be considered a Universal language between computers, which could be considered better fitted for transmitting and recording speech? —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech1

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How old school, to have more than one machine, and then have to physically take the info from one to the other. —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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delegated to a series of machines, and the cards then transferred bodily from one to another.1

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From the abacus to the modern keybaord accounting machine, to the smart phone with the scientific calculator. —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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It is a far cry from the abacus to the modern keyboard accounting machine. It will be an equal step to the arithmetical machine of the future1

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I can't even imagine working retail without the technology. We barey keep the stores together with the tech we have now! —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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Take the prosaic problem of the great department store. Every time a charge sale is made, there are a number of things to be done. The inventory needs to be revised, the salesman needs to be given credit for the sale, the general accounts need an entry, and, most important, the customer needs to be charged.1

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I don't know where I would be without my tablet being able to annotate files, articles, and pdfs. —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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just as though he had the physical page before him1

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Is this our introduction to VR? —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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Is it not possible that some day the path may be established more directly?1

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It seems that we live in a world that we focus on mass production of products versus the authenticity and quality of ones inventions. —[[ (gabsss)]]

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The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.1

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Interesting how he's already figuring knowledge as a maze, foreshadowing what's to come later in this essay. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item1

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There is great optimism in this assumption. I don't know if I feel quite so positive about where we are today with cheaper and more complex devices. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it1

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Ever. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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Certainly progress in photography is not going to stop.1

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Because this version of the essay doesn't seem to include the illustrations:

—[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut.1

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Shake it like a Polaroid picture. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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someone may speed it up1

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"languidly" geez —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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A girl strokes its keys languidly1

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So in this example and in others throughout the piece, a machine takes over a job formerly done by a "girl". This is similar to other examples where digital labor is feminized in subtle and (now) increasingly invisible and insidious ways. In other words, stenography is characterized as a field worth replacing because it is just a woman's job. The researcher at his desk remains essential because of course he is. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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Combine these two elements, let the Vocoder run the stenotype, and the result is a machine which types when talked to.1

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Exactly. Though maybe not binary per se (because it still has to be interpreted by higher level languages and protocols to make sense of it), but you're right that computers and networks depend on universal standards like HTTP, HTML, and on and on. That's why it's so important that these are open standards: computers have to know whether they're speaking the right universal language. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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1

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And he is a man. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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His hands are free, and he is not anchored1

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And not just a few, a whole roomful of them! —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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1

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Again, because computation is trivial, mechanical, etc., let these women do it so that the men can free their brains for something more than repetitive detailed transformations:

http://boingboing.net/2011/02/09/women-computers-of-w.html —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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A mathematician is not a man who can readily manipulate figures; often he cannot1

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The origin of this expression is Uncle Tom's Cabin: http://cjewords.blogspot.com/2009/08/growd-like-topsy.html —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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grew like Topsy1

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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Poulsen long ago put speech on a magnetic wire.1

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Interesting that, even trails are rhizomatic, complex, networked things, Bush still conceives of them and their re-use indexically. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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the head of the trail1

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Wikipedia obviously. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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new forms of encyclopedias1

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Maybe! Interesting too that "more directly" seems here to mean "with fewer of our senses". —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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1

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Of course. —[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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her fingers1

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"Might the woman's body not be transformed into a useful machine"?

—[[ (zachwhalen)]]

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Might not these currents be intercepted1

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I wonder if Bush could have foreseen, not just that the traditional stores of records would become astoundingly more accessible, but that technologies would enable new forms of building such records based on opening the processes of knowledge production and editing...here I am thinking of the comparison of the Britannica with Wikipedia, and those analyses that regard them as comparably authoritative sources of knowledge —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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Britannica1

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Yes! Let's highlight this...no technology can substitute for the cognitional acts that produce understanding and insight. Technological affordances may contribute to the conditions for the possibility of insight, but they never replace the intelligence that grasps a unifying idea in a set of particular and otherwise randomly associated data. —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute1

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Binders full of women! —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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1

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While there is infinitely more inconsequential information, most peer reviewed knowledge is never cited. And now we are supposed to integrate multiple fields of knowledge. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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1

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Dr. Bush should have visited the glassblowers in the basement of any good lab. They were making prototype tubes in a few hours with the help of the glassblowing lathe invented in Redwood City, California, by Charlie Litton. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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occupied a master craftsman of the guild for months1

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This problem has only accelerated and is exacerbated by knowledge being locked away by copyrights and professional journals. Knowledge financed with public monies should be publicly available for review. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.1

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Now we have link rot. 49 percent of the hyperlinks in Supreme Court decisions no longer work.http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/us/politics/in-supreme-court-opinions-clicks-that-lead-nowhere.html?r=0 —[[ (markcorbettwilson)_]]

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The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience1

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Or a list of Muslims that have traveled to Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Syria, Libya, Somalia and Yemen. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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produces in a short time a list of all employees who live in Trenton and know Spanish1

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hahahahaha Physicists don't construct vacuum tubes (valves in the UK) for research, glassblowers do! Just another case of workers being edited out of the academic record. We even have our own revisionist label: Invisible Assistant. Patronizing much? —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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physicists promptly constructed thermionic-tube equipment1

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Raise your hand if you've used punch cards to program a computer! —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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punched-card machine long ago produced by Hollorith for the purposes of the census1

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It depends on who controls the search engine and what they want to allow you to find. It's a political question, not technical. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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1

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I think we are at the physical limit set by the wavelength (width) of visible light. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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1

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The only institution I deal with that requires facsimile transmissions is my college. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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facsimile transmission1

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We now know that who decides what gets produced is the most important factor of what we can buy cheaply. That's a political question. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.1

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We fastidious connoisseurs can join the geek and nerds at the Computer Museum in Menlo Park California. They have an IBM 360 just like the one on which I learned to program. See Hollerith punched-card machine above. http://www.computerhistory.org/visit/ —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.1

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Thanks Zach! Most people aren't aware of wire recordings anymore. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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1

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A semantic web? —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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tying two items together is the important thing1

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GIGO —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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The inheritance from the master1

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Interesting sentiment coming from the founder of Raytheon, one of the largest producers of weapons of mass destruction in the world. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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They have enabled him to throw masses of people against one another with cruel weapons.1

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An interesting follow up is 'The Hut Where the Internet Began." "When Douglas Engelbart read a Vannevar Bush essay on a Philippine island in the aftermath of World War II, he found the conceptual space to imagine what would become our Internet." http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/the-hut-where-the-internet-began/277551/ —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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the application of science to the needs and desires of man1

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I find it interesting that though Bush opens and closes his article with a comment about race, no one has annotated them. Is the ideology of race just as normal today as it was seventy years ago? I guess UNESCO's Statements on Race have had no lasting effect in the US. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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the life of a race rather than that of an individual.1

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I find it interesting that though Bush opens and closes his article with a comment about race, no one has annotated them. Is the ideology of race just as normal today as it was seventy years ago? I guess UNESCO's Statements on Race have had no lasting effect in the US. —[[ (markcorbettwilson)]]

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wisdom of race experience1

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—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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1

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Quaint. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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The cord 1

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I get the sense from his later discussion of expert "trailblazers" that Bush did not imagine a more democratic knowledge production process, as in Wikipedia or Hypothes.is. And I also get the sense that he might not have been excited about that advent. His ideas are pretty firmly routed in traditional notions of scientific authority.
—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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1

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Good point. Haven't seen it but it would be interesting to view the recent film Hidden Figures through this lens. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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1

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It's interesting that the groove is the basic unit of computation for Bush... —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove1

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In annotation too. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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The prime action of use is selection,1

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Acceleration is a key trope for Bush. It's largely about speed. When I think of some of the same technologies that he is imagining, however, its more about direction--to keep in in the realm of physics... —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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halting1

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Ironically, the selection of the entire next two paragraphs is something we should not allow in hypothes.is. Let's limit word or character count for targets. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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The real heart of the matter of selection, 1

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Despite the time stamp being updated to now, I think the above annotation was made in response to a two paragraph annotation since deleted. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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1

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So organic catalogging, "intuitive" design? Aren't these always in the eye of the beholder? —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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the artificiality of systems of indexing.1

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Gardner, is this "insight"? —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.1

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Is mechanized different from automated? I'd agree that these associations can be more rapidly and frequently induced. I don't think they can be automated. It's still going to require idiosyncratic human labor. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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may yet be mechanized1

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—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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It consists of a desk,1

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What annotation tools do you use? —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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1

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Bush is usually credited with conceiving of hyperlinks, right? But isn't he really talking about tagging?
—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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he names it,1

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I love this idea of pastiche at the core of the memex. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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It is exactly as though the physical items had been gathered together from widely separated sources and bound together to form a new book.1

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"Disrupted" by Amazon. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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the prosaic problem of the great department store1

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3 cheers for automation!

—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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All else he should be able to turn over to his mechanism, 1

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I realize this isn't contemporary but Bush's allusion to photography revealing the unseen made me think of this early meme:

—[[ (jeremydean)]]

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advanced photography which can record what is seen or even what is not1

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Though clearly, Bush is situated squarely within a capitalist context, I'm reading Marx in here against the grain in terms of specialization and the loss of holistic sense of labor. Could increased access to knowledge counter that trend in capitalism? —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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specialization1

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I love the image of a trail through a maze. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.1

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Amplification is an interesting trope in Bush's essay and tech talk in general. It's less about speed than visibility. Certainly works for annotation:

Online, a book can be a gathering place, a shared space where readers record their reactions and conversations. Those interactions ultimately become part of the book too, a kind of amplified marginalia.

- Jennifer Howard, Chronicle of Higher Education —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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amplified1

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I love that pleasure is foregrounded as part of this process. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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delight1

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AOpomu9V6Q —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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more directly?1

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Abstractly worded, but this remains an enduring question about technology and innovation. Albeit with a more critical sensibility than Bush carries in this essay. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Must we always transform to mechanical movements in order to proceed from one electrical phenomenon to another?1

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Ugh. This is a pretty horrifying reference given the historical context. —[[ (jeremydean)]]

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Though isn't he here referring to the human race as a whole, and not to a specific racial group within humanity? —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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It seems to me that he's using the terms "mechanized" and "automated" more or less interchangeably. As he says, we "cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially," but clearly hyperlinking and other associated technologies allow us to much more readily select by association ... I'm sure most of us have had the "rabbit hole" experience of following a trail of links in which each link suggests the next to be followed.

I would see this as a form of augmentation (in Englebart's sense) rather than automation...for me that's a crucial distinction. —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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I have an older Dell tablet so I use Polaris Office because I don't have to be connected to internet. My Prof. Zach Whalen also showed us Hypothesis so I do try to use that as much as possible. I also use Adobe because the highlighting tool works really well, but that is most for readings assigned by classes. Do you have any suggestions? —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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Tagging could be naming the items, and hastagging could be categorizing those items? I didn't think of it that way at first. —[[ (psvoccio)]]

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Or perhaps a different entity...tagging that specifies a distinct location in a sequence of items, as compared to tagging that simply indicates belonging to a collection of items —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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agree. Love this essay, but some points have aged more gracefully than others. —[[ (Laika57)]]

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in addition to the outdated, sexist language, I suspect that a good deal of training and labor are being obfuscated by an image suggesting that operating this machine is basically a leisure activity, perhaps equivalent to "languidly" playing a piano in a parlor on some lazy afternoon (which can't be done either unless the pianist did a good deal of practicing sometime earlier). In short, gendered languge/imagery is being recruited to underline how easy this machine is to use, and also seems to reveal the author's assumptions about women's work and the skill it does or doesn't require. —[[ (ces)]]

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This is interesting. Perhaps a recognition that the "girl" is more mentally present/engaged than she seems? There's some tension between languid and disquieting.#openlearning17 —[[ (ces)]]

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disquieting gaze1

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Agree. Thank you! —[[ (Laika57)]]

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Another obfuscation-of-labor moment in the passive here? Who does the retyping, and just how much correction, interpretation, etc. is required (cf. what happens when you run OCR: the result is not usually a text clean enough for markup without some fixing by well-educated humans, often located in low(er)-wage countries such as India).
—[[ (ces)]]

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is retyped 1

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There's a very important element that I think is assumed here, and that requires considerable mental labor (and some practice with using the tools described): selection. If the notes and photographs are to be useful, they can't be a stream-of-consciousness recording of everything encountered, observed, or thought that day. Otherwise, the "pondering" would take as long as the day itself.

And presumably the process of "talk[ing] comments into the record" involves yet more selection. That's a natural part of the process of research and writing, but one thing I think we've learned as tools of this sort become widely available is that the temptation to record everything is strong (scholars are not immune to the same impulses experienced by students with highlighters), and the result is a postponement of the difficult task of selecting what's important to a later date (or sometimes never).

—[[ (ces)]]

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As he ponders over his notes in the evening, he again talks his comments into the record.1

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And here I think he's going to address the importance of selection (and he does, a bit), but instead he's mostly focusing on the process of bringing in yet more "material," this time from "the existing record." —[[ (ces)]]

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Much needs to occur, however, between the collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought 1

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Back the central question/problem (from which we seem to have strayed for quite some time, mostly as the result of his enthusiasm for all the new ways of gathering/manipulating/processing data he sees on the horizon) —[[ (ces)]]

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Thus far we seem to be worse off than before—for we can enormously extend the record; yet even in its present bulk we can hardly consult it. 1

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Indeed. One key factor is that you need to know what you might want to look for in the future at the point when you set up the system (or you need to be willing to go back and re-code the data periodically, or to accept that coding will be incomplete because it's only updated under certain circumstances -- a new employee, or a strong enough need for particular information to justify the cost of re-coding).

So a key question becomes: do we know that we want to know? do we know what we'll want to know in one year? five years? over the lifetime of this system (because all systems do have lifetimes)?
—[[ (ces)]]

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or, if a particular factor (religion) cannot legally be considered directly, a list of everybody who was born in a certain place (or maybe their parents or grandparents were), and has traveled to certain places recently. One piece of information becomes a proxy for another. —[[ (ces)]]

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I'm having flashbacks to using microfilm readers (and to the headaches induced by trying to read while scrolling just slowly enough to scan headlines). No question that it was amazing technology in many ways, but the thought of spending most of one's day working in that environment; ugh. —[[ (ces)]]

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On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each.1

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One major difference between the memex as envisioned here and most web-based systems is that each individual who has a memex (which presumably isn't everyone; they sound expensive) has his (or her?) own memex. To use the trail metaphor, everyone has his own network of trails on his own island, and while it's possible to reproduce a network of trails from someone else's island on one's own island, the two sets of trails don't really connect (nor does there seem to be a chance for serendipitous connections made by people who don't know each other already).
—[[ (ces)]]

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sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex1

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I've been noticing throughout that his attitude toward the existing "record" is essentially conservative/trusting. There's little suggestion that the role of the present generation of researchers might be to question or even overturn it, and no attention to social/cultural forces that might have shaped what it does and doesn't contain.
—[[ (ces)]]

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The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.1

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I found myself checking Bush's age at time of writing when I read this: c. 55. As a fellow middle-aged person, I can sympathize with his desire, but am inclined to point out that the problem is not just finding something that might be useful, but remembering that it exists in the first place (I guess the "trails" might help with that, assuming one remembers one made a trail, or has a way of stumbling across it).
—[[ (ces)]]

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with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important1

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This is an interesting choice of words, and echoes, though it does not directly repeat, some of his optimism at the beginning. I found myself thinking about Rachel Carson and others who exposed the results of the "better living through chemistry" (and other forms of science) optimism of the post-WWII era.
—[[ (ces)]]

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healthily1

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As someone who studies race (but not primarily in this period), I took note of the easy use of the language, and wondered exactly whom he would mentally include in the "race" (it does seem to be explicitly singular here) he was writing about. Working from the little I know of him and the text itself, I'd say that he was certainly part of a scientific community that included prominent Jewish members, so it seems that his sense of "the race" possessing and creating this collective scientific knowledge would (or at least should) include Jews (and so wouldn't mirror Nazi mapping of racial categories, at least not exactly). But would he include people of African origin (living in Africa or in the diaspora)? What about the many peoples of Asia (whom he might or might not see as a single "race"), and especially the recently-defeated Japanese?

It's definitely language (like the evocation of "girls" throughout the piece) that raises questions for a C21 reader, but I'm seeing less material for teasing out ideas about race than about gender in the essay as a whole.
—[[ (ces)]]

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The limits of memory are/is a key theme throughout. As I write below, I'm not sure he always distinguishes as well as he might between "memory" as in retrieving information that one remembers exists, but of which one can't remember the details and "memory" as in remembering that the information exists in the first place. —[[ (ces)]]

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remember1

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On first reading, this seemed like a very odd transition, from talking about new ways to navigate the ever-proliferating piles/sea of data, to talking about instruments that seem more likely to add to the piles than to organize it. It takes some time for him to come back to how photography can help solve the problem. If this were a student paper, I'd probably be telling him to move his thesis/solution closer to the beginning, so readers don't lose it in the mass of his own accumulated examples of technological progress.
—[[ (ces)]]

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But there are signs of a change as new and powerful instrumentalities come into use.1

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One is tempted to insert a photo of smartphone users running into signposts and/or each other. We do have some amazing machines, but actually having them makes some of the downsides easier to envision.
—[[ (ces)]]

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As jeremydean commented elsewhere, speed is a key trope. Bush sees it as positive, but American thinkers (e.g. Thoreau, who complained about the effects of things moving at "railroad speed") had realized some of its downsides for at least a century.
—[[ (ces)]]

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In this case, what happens to the "process of digestion and correction" which follows "the first stage"? In some ways, we do now have something like this: many more records of the early stages of thinking (including these annotations), in addition to or instead of records of the later stages, after an author has done more "digesting" of his/her thoughts, and published them in a more orderly way. There's a lot to be said for this sort of "thinking in the open," but it also adds exponentially to the "record," which Bush is already finding overwhelming in size.
—[[ (ces)]]

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talk directly to the record? 1

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I'm assuming he was thinking of something like Esperanto when he wrote this (and that at least has simplified spelling, I believe, which would solve some problems, so he's not entirely right). But yes, it seems that mechanization/computerization did, indeed, "force the issue." —[[ (ces)]]

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Interesting image -- the machine is portrayed as actually desiring/needing data, rather than simply being capable of processing it. This feels somewhat true to the growth of Big Data today: once the system/capabilities are in place, the desire to collect data -- perhaps more data than we can really use, at least responsibly/ethically -- seems to grow. —[[ (ces)]]

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Such machines will have enormous appetites1

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The role of those in power is definitely obscured here. Someone is presumably writing the "instructions" (algorithms, in today's parlance) that the "girls" ("data processors" of varying genders today) are feeding to the machines. The system doesn't run by itself; someone has to decide what questions the data should be used to answer, and that is the position of power (think Big Brother and/or Big Business more than scientists today).

Equally important, who will write the "instructions" and hand them to the "girls" to feed to the machine? There's a key and very powerful actor being left out here: the —[[ (ces)]]

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Yes and no. Mental association (one of the "pathways" of human memory) is neurologically processed, and it is idiosyncratic and singular, rather than the result of a principle of indexing. On the other hand, if one is talking about association by "proximity" on a web page, for example, then we are back to "location," processed digitally, which can then be "indexed" by web crawling. So... yes, mechanical or digital association can be seen as a form of indexing. These two distinct processes are not analogous. (Pardon the pun.) —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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Of course. But also other kinds of specialized reference works/sites (dictionaries on Kindle, information pop-up tools in certain software packages, Encyclopedia Britannica online, etc.) —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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Tagging mechanisms and other such tools bridge the gap between organic neuro-processed association as a kind of index and "mechanical" indexing. Basically, human brains imprint the digital archive with some traces of their own organic associations. Not exactly a reproduction of the organic process, but creating a bridge between the organic "pulling together" of disparate elements and mechanical indexing. —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it1

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Kindle? IBooks? a connected tablet? These are the desk, the future device in a different guise. —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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Books of all sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers, are thus obtained and dropped into place1

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Again: Google Glass? —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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His hands are free, and he is not anchored1

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... a matchbox or a USB thumb drive or a flat smart media card or a minuscule microchip or even a non-substantial set of information on a server on the cloud somewhere that can be streamed almost instantly anywhere in the world. In one sense, 21st-century digital "compression" leads not to density, but to dispersion and to widespread, easy access through ubiquitous devices and software tools. —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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The Encyclopoedia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox1

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  1. Mathematics can be used to describe and calculate quantity/scale, position or probability; it makes sense to map this "new symbolism" onto one of those dimensions.
  2. This reminds one of a passage from Richard Powers The Gold Bug Variations (1991) where he reminds us that a sufficiently precise placement and measurement of a notch on a rod would be able to encode and decode the Encyclopedia Britannica, indeed, the full holdings of the Library of Congress.
  3. Let us remember that the nearly instantaneous calculations of the computers we use today have limits in terms of the numbers of digits that may be processed at any one time; for that reason, the kind of highly compressed mathematical encoding that Powers envisioned is virtually impossible for us in the early 21st century. —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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A new symbolism, probably positional, must apparently precede the reduction of mathematical transformations to machine processes1

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Indeed! —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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Yes...the term "bricolage" is what this calls to mind for me...and, it seems, on a larger scale, that life is a continual process of gathering together elements of identity from disparate sources and fashioning them into an evolving synthesis. —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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Here, directional velocity gives way to processing speed, scholarly productivity and currency (in the dual sense of "nowness" and relevance/pertinency). —[[ (rrdaniel2)]]

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if the scholar can get at only one a week by diligent search, his syntheses are not likely to keep up with the current scene1

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I don't believe he is referring to specific races or ethnicities, but to the human race as such ("race" here differentiating humans from other species). —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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Trip hammers —[[ (twwoodward)]]

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Trip hammers 1

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Great question. Coming out of the horrors of WWII, I think humanitarian optimism was Bush's only option. Humanity needed to do better, and people were prepared to work together to make it happen. Today it seems people are drawn to IT for the financial rewards. Our culture celebrates the billionaire individuals, and not the possibilities of what we can do together. —[[ (phb256)]]

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Hypothes.is needs a "like" button —[[ (phb256)]]

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There's an article that gets further into that question...David Levy's "No Time to Think: Reflections on Information Technology and Contemplative Scholarship" ... uses Bush, Joseph Pieper, and others to address this https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2126/454aa2e0f60cb2f1cd279f94ba8d51ebacbe.pdf —[[ (mpelzel)]]

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I like the multiple meanings one can find in "spirit should be elevated." Not just happier, but better as people. —[[ (phb256)]]

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Presumably man's spirit should be elevated if he can better review his shady past and analyze more completely and objectively his present problems1

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Interesting to note the boom in poker coincides with a more data-driven approach to general society.

—[[ (robemoco)]]

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If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability.1

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First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together.1

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Time for some Great Pirates? See Buckminster Fuller. —[[ (gowellja)]]

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For physical objects, however, additive manufacturing may revolutionize the space and drop barriers to entry. Case in point, a (unverified) post I saw today about someone 3D printing their own Invisaline-style braces. If we make it to strong artificial intelligence, the same will happen for computing/programming. —[[ (gowellja)]]

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See Kevin Kelly's What Technology Wants for further development of ideas along these lines. I hope that guy has hypothes.is

—[[ (gowellja)]]

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I'm so meta even this comment is... —[[ (gowellja)]]

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  1. As We May Think | syndication link ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩